Toward/Towards
Toward/Towards
Is there a difference, and if so, what is it?
Spaceman Spiff
"The capacity for humankind to centralize its importance in the grand scheme of things is quite impressive."
- Tim Ward
"The capacity for humankind to centralize its importance in the grand scheme of things is quite impressive."
- Tim Ward
See Etymonline for a brief discussion. Using this word incorrectly would be untoward. (Perhaps using it very well would be tcward?)
gailr
gailr
For me, a West Coast US English speaker, toward and towards are in free variation. The s probably isn't a morpheme at all, in fact, because it doesn't carry any meaning. The alternation is not obviously phonologically conditioned, either. For example, there's not a rule like "toward before a vowel, towards before a consonant", although it might be interesting to see if toward is more common in contexts where the end of towards would form a low-frequency consonant cluster with the beginning of the following word.
Toward and TowardsBah, all this typing of toward and towards has triggered a word moment. Now they both look wrong.
The man came towards me.
The man came toward me.
UN policies move towards global socialsim.
UN policies move toward global socialism.
I can't see (or hear) a discernible difference in meaning!
Apo
'Experiments are the only means of knowledge at our disposal. The rest is poetry, imagination.' -Max Planck
From memory, but with the caveat that after reading Apo's post, they all sound as right or wrong as each other, what I recall is that, strictly speaking, towards indicates physical motion, whereas toward indicates metaphorical motion.
Slowly but surely, we came toward the realization that we had been lied to by the administration.
He crept with a slow, steady pace towards the sound of the thumping noise in the basement.
I think, in practice, it still sounds more incorrect to use the -s with the metaphorical sense. Either word, in practice, sounds fine when indicating/describing physical motion.
-Tim
Slowly but surely, we came toward the realization that we had been lied to by the administration.
He crept with a slow, steady pace towards the sound of the thumping noise in the basement.
I think, in practice, it still sounds more incorrect to use the -s with the metaphorical sense. Either word, in practice, sounds fine when indicating/describing physical motion.
-Tim
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- Grand Panjandrum
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Spiff, Tim, et al, here's what the AHD has to say on the matter :
HenriUsage Note: Some critics have tried to discern a semantic distinction between toward and towards, but the difference is entirely dialectal. Toward is more common in American English; towards is the predominant form in British English.
曾记否,到中流击水,浪遏飞舟?
I know that I use both forms, but I am at a loss to understand the pattern. What I need is a secret recording of myself, using "toward" and "towards" entirely unprovocated, and then I could use some sort of search engine to find every use of these words and perhaps detect a pattern or not!
Apo
Apo
'Experiments are the only means of knowledge at our disposal. The rest is poetry, imagination.' -Max Planck
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